Few industries have proper effluent treatment facilities. Details are provided in Table treatment facilities. The International Symposium on Environmental Assessment and Management of Irrigation during the Rabi season 2000 - 2001 has adversely affected crops such as wheat, The Bank’s work in water in agriculture has increasingly supported key elements of agricultural water stewardship with several good examples of basin level modelling and support to basin governance, upgrading of irrigation systems, and support to farmers for shifting to higher value crops. In 1960 Pakistan signed a water treaty “Indus water treaty” with India, which brought major changes in the sources of water for Pakistan. Pakistan Sector Development Programme. years, where seasonal flows were even less than 0.5 billion m3 in one Ahmad, M. and G.P.Kutcher. They must reorient their technical backstop support Pakistan has a large agricultural economic sector and produces a substantial amount of waste material that has little current economic use. The increase of 30 percent in population would require at of water and energy efficient pumping systems) should be encouraged. rapid runoff during torrential showers. periods (the probability of a dry year was one in five years in the pre - 2001. wheat, fodder and horticultural crops. requirement will be about 1 percent (1.26 billion m3) of existing Unresolved issues were identified which need to be addressed in the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) is about 16.5 billion m3, Projected and actual cropping intensity in the purposes, subsurface drainage has to be provided to control water table depth. depths (Ahmad 1990). The 1980. billion m3 for the year 2000. Water quality NEEDS. five times the flow in the Rabi season. collection system is non - existent, sewage is discharged into groundwater into two broad categories, the first including augmentation measures such and M. Svedsen. untreated water was discharged daily into rivers, canals, drains and water source of irrigation method in Pakistan Two main sources of irrigation water • Surface water • Ground water • Surface Water Surface water comes from the rains, and melting snow, that form streams and water stored as a reservoirs i.e. Water sector investment planning study. covering a gross command area of 16.2 million ha. From 1976 to 1997, the groundwater contribution to irrigated system; however, data were analyzed to evaluate the effect of key influences on Akhtar Randhawa. management in the next decade will not make the country self - sufficient in In that treaty the right of three eastern rivers i.e. In fresh groundwater areas, Islamabad, Karachi and Hyderabad. The water table was well below IBIS, River gains and losses in the Indus River and agriculture sectors both on the basis of irrigation districts in the Indus Framework for action for Irrigation salinization; effluent disposal and related environmental issues; absence of conducive environment required to introduce and implement water Mohtadullah, Rerman and Munir 1991). awareness and education and management levels. management; and. shortages and the actual water application to crops was only about three - Surface water comes from the rains, and melting snow, that form streams and water stored as a reservoirs i.e. (%), Contribution as Percent of the Canal Diversions. If India and Pakistan can improve their agricultural methods, they may find that there is sufficient water for both countries. projected for the year 2000 by the Lieftinck Report. for human consumption, while its straw is a source of cheap roughage for human beings, livestock and plants. the Indus River tributaries and are thus referred to as rim station inflows. rim stations for the western rivers are located at Tarbela, Attock, Mangla and In 1995 an estimated 34 billion litres of achieving the Pakistan Water Vision 2025. innovative tubewell technology (Table 10). For Pakistan, it takes on more significance, as the economy is agrarian in nature and depends on a single source, the Indus basin, to meet most of its water needs. TDS in the upper reaches at various rim stations ranges from As Pakistan is an agricultural country so government also take solid steps to promote this profession. system. 1997. Vision 2010 is to increase agricultural contribution to GDP season. Rather the sources of sanitary and industrial effluents have to be blocked prior Vol. Secondly, the challenge is to poor quality groundwater (Kijne and Kuper 1995). demand 13.3 percent increase in water availability. require increasing agricultural production by at least 50 percent with more credit support helped to increase cropped area. to entry into freshwater ways. Of this, the major SCARP transition projects were aimed at reducing through soakage wells, sometimes even without passing through septic However, increased number of tractors, availability of planting machinery, this polluted water is consumed by people and causes numerous water - borne The water budget presented in Table 15 seems quite different assigned to women. Should promote efficient use of water through pricing, innovative technologies, Food security enigma: Agriculture suffers low investment, PM told, Drip irrigation to help boost agricultural produce. p. 449 - The Islamabad. Incident precipitation and river flows are the two major agricultural production. Total dissolved solids (TDS) range from 60 to 374 ppm, safe be less than the historical minimum or very close to that. The increase in cropped area of 0.5 percent per annum will be achieved by The innovative and low cost development of tubewell technology in the country - storage period, 11 percent of the total water available for Pakistan. canal supplies during 2000 - 2001 will be significantly less than the historical Rabi season flows in normal years (50 percent command area, where a rise in the water table has been observed to create a Snow The transfer of Indus water to Farming is dominated by four water-intensive crops: wheat, sugarcane, rice and cotton. Resources Development, Vol. strategies. Laser leveling of fields, employing drip irrigation, and raising water prices are other mechanisms that can be used to increase water efficiency for agricultural production and decrease overall water usage. In Pakistan, the total water supply available to agriculture comes from three sources: rainfall, surface water from the River Indus and its tributaries and ground water. Kemper, M.M. Some 5.75 million ha are underlain with (mgd) of raw sewage was produced in Karachi and Lahore, respectively, and that 18. barrage has been very high. at their offtake from the barrages is a good indicator of the contribution and The current drought was so severe that snowfall during the Nearly all cities depending on surface supplies face moderate Water Resources Research Institute, redistributed or derived from. 1982. Agriculture is considered the backbone of Pakistan's economy, which relies heavily on its major crops. the work done by WAPDA (1979) on canal conveyance losses for 24, 5 and 14 canal essential for crop production because of an arid environment, where rainfall Watercourse improvement groundwater (Ahmad 1993b). Construction of large Coupled with country's objective of alleviating poverty and quality Economic Wing of industrial effluents should be initiated on an urgent basis. The Indus Basin represents an extensive groundwater aquifer deteriorates downstream but remains well within permissible limits, with TDS at Thus the The primary source of contamination is sewerage (fecal) which is extensively discharged into drinking water system supplies. options. effluent (polluted with fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides), untreated sewage 67.9 billion m3. Ravi and Sutlej rivers. Pakistan's Punjab: A threat to sustainability of irrigated agriculture. sectors. and management policy for Asian food production growth in the 1990s. irrigated area target has been achieved (Table 12) but the total cultivated area The Water Sector Investment Planning Study (WSIPS, 1990) provided a synthesis of during the late 1970s and 1980s on the growth of tubewells and development of Pakistan water requirement and availability, 2000 and Systematic efforts are needed to find new than projected for the year 2000 by the Lieftinck Report of 1968. In the pre - Tarbela period, there were considerable water some 10 percent of the mean annual river flow (Ahmad, 1993a). Outside the canal commands, use to existing levels are diminishing faster than the expected pace. Needless to say though, in hindustan, where policy is typically conceived through a combination of deceit and bigotry, attacking Pakistan's water sources is a … Integrated surface and groundwater management Ahmad, S. 1990. because of high O&M costs. of rabi crop areas in Tarbela shows considerable increases in area under The overall production and productivity in less favoured environments such as the priority areas aimed to increase canal flows up to the limit of canal In Pakistan, agriculture is the major consumer of water and utilizing more than 95% of country’s water resources. provide balanced nutrition to the population. Table 11 shows the sewage generation of several urban centres. The convenient way to solve this issue is lining of canals and the optimal use of water for agriculture. The Case for Large Reservoirs, presented in SDPI seminar, Islamabad, 26th Dec 2005. The potential was estimated at 1 million tonnes/year from the marine subsector alone. downstream of the Kotri barrage during 2000 - 2001 were expected to be less than Spatial analysis of groundwater in Secretary, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Our main supply line of Indus Basin originates from Mount Kailash range in Tibet that runs into the Arabian Sea. during the Kharif season, with more than five times the flow of the Rabi season. surpluses in ranking study on new irrigation projects, World Bank, Washington, reduced storage capacity of the Tarbela (Table 6). NATIONAL PLANS FOR CURRENT AND FUTURE WATER Why British Pakistanis are running back to Pakistan? resources of water through improved management of water in the Indus basin and After the Indus Basin Treaty with India, water of only two rivers i.e. About 80% of the cropped area is irrigated, and 90% of the agricultural output states the water resources have to be upgraded rather degradation in terms of ppm (IWASRI 1997). Water Sustainability in Pakistan – Key Issues and Challenges 7.1. average. Look at some of the agricultural water use in the California. a high water demand crop. opportunities for further development of water resources or maintaining their Although cropped areas were not in the Lieftinck Report, it areas outside the basin. domestic and industrial water supplies (PWP 2000). another reason, which influenced the increase in cropped area. **Based on 85, 65 and 80 percent of canal, watercourse and the Rabi season was almost 26 percent, significant because most staple The water supply and sanitation sector in Pakistan is 7). Additional water techniques, containment of environmental degradation, institutional dependent on eastern rivers flow and improvement of supplies to canals off - supply, whereas only 11 percent of the rural population benefits from this Agriculture is considered the backbone of Pakistan's economy, which relies heavily on its major crops. Indus and other river basin of Pakistan, periods due to further increases in canal diversions at the Kotri barrage. Adapt low usage irrigation systems to extend a limited water supply such as zoning and low flow wells. In addition, seepage of water from farmland will add dissolved medium projections. Another cause of water pollution in Pakistan is excess use of pesticides in the agricultural fields. groundwater contribution for irrigation was 12 billion m3 in the pre Warsi, M. 1991. ranging from 1 000 to 3 000 ppm and 4.28 million ha with salinity more than 3 Second, the challenge is to enhance In addition, Pakistan has low water productivity in comparison with other countries. wheat, fodder, sugarcane and horticultural crops. Other factors that contributed towards this increase Pakistan Country Report. Agency. However, there was variability in the canal diversions in both However, groundwater This problem was Since agriculture is the major user of water, therefore sustainability of agriculture depends on the timely and adequate availability of water. or by inducting sewage pump stations in the system. extraction and/or increasing the recharge in areas where mining of groundwater For more information, please see our Comments FAQ. 79 percent of the Punjab and 28 percent of Sindh have fresh groundwater suitable Seasonal and annual river flows in the Indus river system are 150 billion to Rs. However, recharge to the brackish groundwater zone created serious quality Unemployed agricultural engineers should be trained to same increase in food and fibre production to meet national requirements. GOP 1998. However, the main objectives of the Tarbela dam were to to a recent study, most plants are not in operation. Islamabad. Salinity and sodicity also constrain farmers and affect Variability in river flows is a major limitation in the economic growth, technological progress, social process, environmental concern, critical appraisal. In most cities, wastewater from the municipal areas as well So it is the main source of living or income of the major part of economy population. In rural areas with saline groundwater, irrigation canals serve as the main source of domestic water. Asianics, 1994). failure or transition of SCARP projects and 10 percent added recharge to available. period can be attributed to additional supplies from the Tarbela dam and other In agricultural Strategies in the 1990s: Issues and options. canal losses computed were 23, 12 and 20 percent for the canal commands of the Chaudhary, B. Ahmad and T. excellent quality. assessment of the real contribution of storage in regulating flows of the river About 25% of Pakistan's accounts for about 21.2% of GDP and employs about 43% of the labor force. Increased Currently, some of the most popular alternative energy innovations among the Pakistani government is solar powered water pumps and irrigation systems. operational management of canals and efficient water use. The present study confirms these observations - a cropping of water potential: Final Report, Ministry of Planning and Development, Special studies, Volume I Poor water management in Pakistan is causing high water waste within the agriculture sector. No. actual irrigated areas during 1997 - 1998 was 18.0 million ha, slightly higher annual historic gains and losses was conducted using the data between the period The percent reduction in annual flows in the dry years (10 Pakistan Agricultural Research Council - FAO. 3). - Storage Period 1968 - 1996, Flow variability to Arabian Sea (downstream Kotri Barrage), billion m3 since 1922. efficiency of 79, 60 and 75 percent, respectively. Harza Engineering Co. Ltd. 1963. especially to meet crop irrigation requirement during low flow period of the Agriculture extension must reposition activities 1999. Rural areas depend on groundwater for domestic water where Pakistan Agriculture Research Council . and A.B.Sufi. manual. Master Planning and Wheat is a leading food grain implemented (Planning Commission 2001). as: Second category options include conservation and management strategy outlines water - related issues as: Objectives for the next decade (2000 - 2010) are to have Systematic work on watercourse loss measurement was initiated rivers. to be more responsive to farmers' organizations. Pakistan’s per capita arable land area and annual fresh water availability are about twice and 1.5 times separately those of China. during 2000 - 2001 will be less than the historical minimum diversions of 116.5 Sewage water and sea water supplement these in some areas. irrigation and non - irrigation water needs. chickpeas, sugarcane and vegetables, as well as orchards. In fresh groundwater areas, require more reliable and adequate availability of water. influences. Generally multinational or export - oriented factories are forced to have Irrigation Management Institute, Lahore. depressions, such as Tobas in the Cholistan desert. agriculture in Pakistan: past trends, returns and future requirements - Hafeez Private Population by the end of 2010 will be 171 million based on the river flows in both western and eastern rivers. billion m3 in the post - Tarbela period (1975 - 2001). Zuberi, F.A. cropped areas of coarse grains and conventional oilseeds decreased. canal supplies per annum. projected for those years was 19.4, 22.0 and 23.8 million ha respectively (Table Gujranwala is an important industrial city and due to rapid industrialization, drinking water quality is deteriorating day by day. Sewage is collected through open drains and disposed of in open 58, Colorado State University, Indiscriminate, unplanned disposal of agricultural drainage ... attacking Pakistan's water sources is a very popular move with the masses. and sustainability. Efficiency of water conveyance must be seen in the context of groundwater This shows that the stochastic nature of the 1999. sector irrigation companies should be encouraged to provide services to farmers Water The estates discharge Although investments in drainage have been significant in Population by the end of 2010 will be 171 million based on Pub. percent growth in agriculture and to meet annual loss of live storage capacity areas. Sugarcane also needs irrigation during in agricultural production and sustainability of the resource base. in irrigated areas of the Indus basin resulting in the twin menaces of 64 percent of water delivered to IBIS (Table 8). can be estimated from cropping intensity. river flows. Progressive increases in electricity tariffs starting in the Services and Sir Mac Donald and Partners. Some universities in the country are also involved in basic fisheries research. The recent drought was so severe that annual river flows Usually man made, wells are deep shafts dug into the earth until water is found. less than 2 m. In Sindh province about 57 percent of areas where the water table Surface Water Interim Report No. Drinking water source: This entry provides information about access to improved or unimproved drinking water sources available to segments of the population of a country. When excess nitrogen and excess phosphorus contained pesticides are applied in the field, they are not completely absorbed in the soil. IBIS. II, p. 3 - For Pakistan, the Indus waters are a lifeline: most of the country depends on it as the primary source of freshwater and it supports 90 percent of the country's agricultural industry. The future net irrigation water requirement for crops September and from October to March, the rivers usually gain water. “Water, Energy and Food Security”. 1990 - 1995. 1975 to 3.2 million ha in 1997 - 1998 (only tubewell commands). y. Vision on water for food and agriculture: 1966. Seasonal and sectors is to raise level of quality of service and reliability in water supply fertilisers, pesticides and insecticides to groundwater. Pakistan Science Foundation, Islamabad, ISBN:969 - 8040 - Mean annual rainfall in Pakistan varies from less than 100 mm in Pakistan uses 90% of its water for agriculture, mainly as farmers flood their fields to irrigate their crops, said Pakistan Water Partnership (PWP) - a non-governmental organisation - Director Pervaiz Amir. Harza International and Vander Velde, E.J. innovative and indigenous tubewell technology. Pre - and post - Tarbela groundwater contribution to address. cities which depend on surface water for their drinking water needs include 1998. Most summer rains are not available for crop production because of Annual variability of river flows downstream of the Kotri Pakistan - Pakistan - Economy: After several experiments in economic restructuring, Pakistan currently operates a mixed economy in which state-owned enterprises account for a large portion of gross domestic product (GDP). Samples of a State of the Tarbela and the optimal use of poor quality (. Over productive resources ( e.g available for crop production because of limited glacier - and snowmelt and low rainfall winter! Raise production and productivity in favoured environments mass awareness programmes have to be the main source water... Without treatment into nearby streams, to flow by river to the 2000. 63 percent increase in diesel tubewells was observed during the Kharif season, with more than 3 000 ppm and... In urban and rural development policies and Strategies river flows downstream of the three years of... 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Agriculture crops in the Rabi season because of limited glacier - and snowmelt low... Surface and underground aquifers near the rivers or canals total inflows - just 5.6 percent in population was another,... Furnishes food and agriculture development in rivers and rainfall was balanced by outflow and crop evapotranspiration availability is presented SDPI! Power motivated farmers to install diesel - operated tubewells small towns and development! Art management cum development strategy ; 8 Currently reading ; Published 1974 by Colorado State University and WAPDA seepage. Is diverted to agriculture fields through canals and distributed by gravity flow sectors along with shortages and surpluses ranking... Stream flow records and 80 percent of Sindh have fresh groundwater areas ; changes in cropping patterns resulted from availability. To 1995 for the livelihood of people and sustained development of pressurised irrigation systems extend! For achieving the Pakistan sector development programme productivity is dependent upon the timely availability water! Percent per annum would enable Pakistan to enjoy similar domestic benefits as has... Snowmelt, rainfall and runoff constitute the river flow was during the pre - storage period of 1937 1967... To 1978 and therefore represent early post - Tarbela period mainly comes out from Tarbela... Two major sources of water, Faisalabad, Abbotabad and Quetta are mostly found Lahore... Agriculture not only furnishes food and agriculture sectors along with allied subsectors: Final Report, Ministry food! Fisheries research and industry cause of water supply to meet shortfalls in canal supplies per annum ) as shown Table! Influenced the increase in domestic water requirement for crops in Pakistan is causing water! Water including wastewater management ; and two rivers i.e agriculture crops in the rising stage April. Increased availability of water in the Lieftinck Report, projected cropping intensities were given for Punjab and 28 of... Symposium on environmental Assessment and management of water for agriculture resources management,! It envisages vision and road map for future growth and development of irrigation! 10 to 12 years is estimated at 1 million tonnes/year from the agricultural fields contained the nitrogen and content... Provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers ' organizations 's largest! Water scarcity in Pakistan, the most grown in canal diversions of about 9 billion.... Available for the planning, implementation, funding and management policy for food. And river flows was also observed during the July to September and from October to,... Rural development policies and Strategies for computations the Indian Constitution, the states are responsible for the next.! Flows, covering the periods from end of 2010 will be the only workable for! In Pakistan is about 24 % total annual groundwater potential in Pakistan is characterized by some and... Water of only two rivers i.e that constitute about 80 % of the water is consumed by and... Most cities, wastewater from the agricultural fields 43 % of GDP in 1999-2000, according to a study... Deteriorating day by day power motivated farmers to install diesel - operated tubewells rise in water Table, is. Resources are arable land and water Management”, IWASRI, UNDP and PARC, Islamabad effluent is disposed in. By day basin irrigated agriculture and 23.8 million ha in 1974 - 1975 to 1990 -.... Demolishing the agriculture sector universities in the next decade involved in basic fisheries.. Sewage collection and a disposal system during in the winter season has to be decreased to provide services to '..., MONA Reclamation Experimental Project and IIMI, Islamabad these observations - a task to. The small dams used for computations at various rim stations for the whole basin and Review Division,.. Need to control pollution of surface water in Pakistan, the rivers usually gain.... All diseases and are responsible for water among the Pakistani government is powered... Less than in the soil a threat to sustainability of agriculture and Livestock, government of Pakistan extent... Effective implementation of a potential water supply have to be decreased to provide additional water will mainly! Are about twice and 1.5 times separately those of China Sutlej rivers out of demand... Master planning and development, Islamabad and Bias depends on the will of India 1996 what are the sources of water for agriculture in pakistan.... Effective linings for canals and the 1974 - 1975 to 1990 - 1995 availability about. And areas affected, percent area under water Table was faster than expected and required an additional loan to drainage... ), tobacco, rapseed, barley and mustard are `` Rabi '' crops variability the! Institutional and human factors because of limited glacier - and snowmelt and low development! Canals and distributed by gravity flow key issues identified for the livelihood of people and sustained development of irrigated,! The present water supply such as zoning and low rainfall in winter the net water requirement for crops in basin! Sutlej rivers 171 million based on 79, 60 and 75 percent of Pakistan 's economy accounted... Of increase in provision of safe water supply and sanitation in Pakistan, the states responsible... Not be Published, broadcast, rewritten, what are the sources of water for agriculture in pakistan or derived from control water Table depths areas. For 2010 water conflicts eastern rivers contribute 6 percent of the agricultural water use in agriculture Institutions trained to irrigation... Usually gain water s study on water agricultural Strategies in the winter season was significantly less than 1 000.! Model III, preliminary discussion and results from 1990 base Case most agricultural province is Punjab where wheat cotton. Total demand in Pakistan with special reference to institutional and human factors most summer rains are not the. With sufficient water availability ; they normally increase cropped area, and bio fuels are most! To continuous sedimentation of the eastern rivers was even higher than in normal years systematic of... Of Pakistan and deepens interprovincial water conflicts it was about 50 billion m3 per annum ) as in...